To Meet the Bogor
K-Horn Science Inc. proclaimed that ‘TES’ (The eStore
System) as a multilateral trading system for free movement of people,
goods, services and capital at APEC 1997 for approaching the Bogor Goal that declared
at APEC 1994 in Indonesia.
In spite of APEC founded in 1989, but the 1st Leaders Meeting held in Blake Island ,
Seattle on November 20, 1993 until Bill Clinton took
the office of the United States
of America
The following year, on November
15, 1994, Leaders Meeting held in Bogor, Indonesia, and declared that ’Bogor Goal’—also
be called ‘Bogor
Declaration’, due attaining the goal of free and open trade and Investment
in the Asia-Pacific Region—the industrialized economies will be implemented before
2010, and those less-developed economies before 2020. Thereafter, ‘Bogor Goal’ became
a direction of all the economies to pursue for. From the pursuit of the Bogor Goals,
we can see a clear contrast, for example, China's economic growth year after year
to be the top 2 economy in the world, but Japan fell into the ‘Lost Decade’; this
contrast in entering the information society was particularly evident since 2001.
Especially, failure of the public sector in Taiwan
Recall that 1990s, we made much efforts to the following thoughts-- How
to help the nascent entrepreneurs gain a better access to the market? How to help
them work at home and earn the world money? Therefore, we brought our RD result
to the APEC 1997 in Vancouver , Canada
Indonesia held APEC 2013 as second host in Bali and Leaders declared
on October 8 under the theme of ‘Resilient Asia-Pacific, Engine of Global Growth’,
they mentioned ‘Bogor Goal’ and said, “The past 19 years of determination and persistent
labor towards the attainment of free and open trade under the ‘Bogor Goals’
have produced an extraordinary period of prosperity in the Asia-Pacific. The rules-based
multilateral trading system and our shared belief in open regionalism have lifted
hundreds of millions out of poverty across the entire region and fostered open,
emerging and innovative economies that are now fueling our growth.”
In regarding to the Bogor Goal and its interpretation in Chinese please
per bellows:
Appendix: English---
1994 APEC Leaders' Declaration
1. We, the economic leaders of APEC, came together at Bogor, Indonesia
today to chart the future course of our economic cooperation which will enhance
the prospects of an accelerated, balanced and equitable economic growth not only
in the Asia-Pacific region, but throughout the world as well.
2. A year ago on Blake Island in Seattle ,
USA
2-1 to find cooperative solutions to the challenges of our rapidly changing
regional and global economy;
2-2 to support an expanding world economy and an open multilateral trading system;
2-3to continue to reduce barriers to trade and investment to enable goods, services and capital to flow freely among our economies;
2-4 to ensure that our people share the benefits of economic growth, improve education and training, link our economies through advances in telecommunications and transportation, and use our resources sustainably.
2-2 to support an expanding world economy and an open multilateral trading system;
2-3to continue to reduce barriers to trade and investment to enable goods, services and capital to flow freely among our economies;
2-4 to ensure that our people share the benefits of economic growth, improve education and training, link our economies through advances in telecommunications and transportation, and use our resources sustainably.
3. We set our vision for the community of Asia-Pacific economies based
on a recognition of the growing interdependence of our economically diverse region,
which comprises developed, newly industrializing and developing economies. The Asia-Pacific
industrialized economies will provide opportunities for developing economies to
increase further their economic growth and their level of development. At the same
time developing economies will strive to maintain high growth rates with the aim
of attaining the level of prosperity now enjoyed by the newly industrializing economies.
The approach will be coherent and comprehensive, embracing the three pillars of
sustainable growth, equitable development and national stability. The narrowing
gap in the stages of development among the Asia-Pacific economies will benefit all
members and promote the attainment of Asia-Pacific economic progress as a whole.
4. As we approach the twenty-first century, APEC needs to reinforce economic
cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region on the basis on equal partnership, shared
responsibility, mutual respect, common interest, and common benefit, with the objective
of APEC leading the way in:
4-1 strengthening the open multilateral trading
system;
4-2 enhancing trade and investment liberalization
in the Asia-Pacific; and
4-3 intensifying Asia-Pacific development cooperation.
5. As the foundation of our market-driven economic growth has been the
open multilateral trading system, it is fitting that APEC builds on the momentum
generated by the outcome of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations
and takes the lead in strengthening the open multilateral trading system.
We are pleased to note the significant contribution APEC made in bringing
about a successful conclusion of the Uruguay Round. We agree to carry out our Uruguay
Round commitments fully and without delay and call on all participants in the Uruguay
Round to do the same.
To strengthen the open multilateral trading system we decide to accelerate
the implementation of our Uruguay
We call for the successful launching of the World Trade Organization
(WTO). Full and active participation in and support of the WTO by all APEC economies
is key to our ability to lead the way in strengthening the multilateral trading
system. We call on all non-APEC members of the WTO to work together with APEC economies
toward further multilateral liberalization.
6. With respect to our objective of enhancing trade and investment in
the Asia-Pacific, we agree to adopt the long-term goal of free and open trade and
investment in the Asia-Pacific. This goal will be pursued promptly by further reducing
barriers to trade and investment and by promoting the free flow of goods, services
and capital among our economies. We will achieve this goal in a GATT-consistent
manner and believe our actions will be a powerful impetus for further liberalization
at the multilateral level to which we remain fully committed.
We further agree to announce our commitment to complete the achievement
of our goal of free and open trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific no later than
the year 2020. The pace of implementation will take into account differing levels
of economic development among APEC economies, with the industrialized economies
achieving the goal of free and open trade and investment no later than the year
2010 and developing economies no later than the year 2020.
We wish to emphasize our strong opposition to the creation of an inward-looking
trading bloc that would divert from the pursuit of global free trade. We are determined
to pursue free and open trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific in a manner that
will encourage and strengthen trade and investment liberalization in the world as
a whole. Thus, the outcome of trade and investment liberalization in the Asia-Pacific
will not only be the actual reduction of barriers among APEC economies but also
between APEC economies and non-APEC economies. In this respect we will give particular
attention to our trade with non-APEC developing countries to ensure that they will
also benefit from our trade and investment liberalization, in conformity with GATT/WTO
provisions.
7. To complement and support this substantial process of liberalization,
we decide to expand and accelerate APEC'S trade and investment facilitation programs.
This will promote further the flow of goods, services, and capital among APEC economies
by eliminating administrative and other impediments to trade and investment.
We emphasize the importance of trade facilitation because trade liberalization
efforts alone are insufficient to generate trade expansion. Efforts at facilitating
trade are important if the benefits of trade are to be truly enjoyed by both business
and consumers. Trade facilitation has also a pertinent role in furthering our goal
of achieving the fullest liberalization within the global context.
In particular we ask our ministers and officials to submit proposals
on APEC arrangements on customs, standards, investment principles and administrative
barriers to market access.To facilitate regional investment flows and to strengthen
APEC's dialogue on economic policy issues, we agree to continue the valuable consultations
on economic growth strategies, regional capital flows and other macro-economic issues.
8. Our objective to intensify development cooperation among the community
of Asia-Pacific economies will enable us to develop more effectively the human and
natural resources of the Asia-Pacific region so as to attain sustainable growth
and equitable development of APEC economies, while reducing economic disparities
among them, and improving the economic and social well-being of our people. Such
efforts will also facilitate the growth of trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific
region.
Cooperative programs in this area cover expanded human resource development
(education and training, management and technical skills), the development of APEC
study centers, cooperation in science and technology transfer, measures aimed at
promoting small and medium scale enterprises and steps to improve economic infrastructure,
such as energy, transportation, information, telecommunications and tourism, with
the aim of contributing to sustainable development.
Economic growth and development of the Asia-Pacific region has mainly
been market-driven, based on the growing interlinkages between our business sectors
in the region to support Asia-Pacific economic cooperation. Recognizing the role
of the business sector in economic development, we agree to integrate the business
sector in our programs and to create an ongoing mechanism for that purpose.
9. In order to facilitate and accelerate our cooperation, we agree that
APEC economies that are ready to initiate and implement a cooperative arrangement
may proceed to do so while those that are not yet ready to participate may join
at a later date.
Trade and other economic disputes among APEC economies have negative
implications for the implementation of agreed cooperative arrangements as well as
for the spirit of cooperating. To assist in resolving such disputes and in avoiding
its recurrence, we agree to examine the possibility of a voluntary consultative
dispute mediation service, to supplement the WTO dispute settlement mechanism, which
should continue to be the primary channel for resolving disputes.
10. Our goal is an ambitious one. But we are determined to demonstrate
APEC's leadership in fostering further global trade and investment liberalization.
Our goal entails a multiple year effort. We will start our concerted liberalization
process form the very date of this statement.
We direct our ministers and officials to immediately begin preparing
detailed proposals for implementing our present decisions. The proposals are to
be submitted soon to the APEC economic leaders for their consideration and subsequent
decisions. Such proposals should also address all impediments to achieving our goal.
We ask ministers and officials to give serious consideration in their deliberations
to the important recommendations contained in the reports of the Eminent Persons
Group and the Pacific Business Forum.
11. We express our appreciation for the important and thoughtful recommendations
contained in the reports of the Eminent Persons Groups and the Pacific Business
Forum. The reports will be used as valuable points of reference in formulating policies
in the cooperative framework of the community of Asia-Pacific economies. We agree
to ask the two groups to continue with their activities to provide the APEC economic
leaders with assessments of the progress of APEC and further recommendations for
stepping up our cooperation.
Author Li-Chang Kuo who created Taiwan
Appendix: Chinese(中文)---
1994年APEC在印尼茂物（Bogor, Indonesia）舉行，台灣早期知名歌星白嘉莉小姐據說婚後即居住於Bogor；1994年11月15日 APEC經濟體領袖們聚會於Bogor，當時的領袖宣言即「茂物宣言」（Bogor Declaration）--稱為「茂物目標」（Bogor Goal）。宣言內容有11條，明訂2020年的貿易自由化長程目標，成為各經濟體努力的目標。
茂物宣言--「APEC亞太經合會領袖共同決心宣言」---
1.領袖們勾勒我們經濟合作的未來藍圖，不僅在亞太地區強化一個加速、均衡和平等的經濟成長前景，並擴及整個世界。
2.我們多樣化的經濟體，正朝著亞太區域經濟體的社群模式，越來越相互依存。我們承諾發布了一份願景聲明（a Vision Statement）：
2-1找出合作的解決方案，迎接迅速變化之區域和全球經濟的挑戰；
2-2支持世界經濟的擴展和開放的多邊貿易體系；
2-3繼續減少投資暨貿易的壁壘，使商品、服務和資金自由流動於我們的經濟體之間；
2-4確保我們的人民分享經濟增長、提高教育和培訓的好處，經由先進電信和交通運輸連結我們的經濟體，並持續地利用我們的資源。
2-2支持世界經濟的擴展和開放的多邊貿易體系；
2-3繼續減少投資暨貿易的壁壘，使商品、服務和資金自由流動於我們的經濟體之間；
2-4確保我們的人民分享經濟增長、提高教育和培訓的好處，經由先進電信和交通運輸連結我們的經濟體，並持續地利用我們的資源。
3.我們的願景：設定在亞太經濟社群相互依存日益加深，及經濟多樣化區域的基礎上，其中包括已開發、新興工業國家和發展中的經濟體。亞太工業化經濟體將提供機會給發展中的經濟體，以進一步增加其經濟成長和發展的水準。同時，發展中的經濟體將致力維持高增長率，與新興工業化經濟體達到現在享有的繁榮程度之目的。該辦法將是連貫和全面的，擁抱永續成長、平等與國家穩定三大支柱。在亞太經濟體之間縮小發展階段的差距，將有利於所有成員經濟體，並推動實現亞太地區經濟體進步成為作為一個整體。
4.當我們接近二十一世紀時，APEC需要在平等的夥伴關係、分享責任、相互尊重、共同利益和共同利益的基礎上，加強在亞太區域的經濟合作；APEC引領的目標如下：
4-1加強開放多邊貿易系統；
4-2加強亞太貿易暨投資的自由化；
4-3加強亞太地區的發展合作。
4-1加強開放多邊貿易系統；
4-2加強亞太貿易暨投資的自由化；
4-3加強亞太地區的發展合作。
5.領袖們高興地注意到APEC在於烏拉圭回合談判成功的結果，所帶來的重大貢獻。烏拉圭回合係以市場導向的經濟成長為基礎，開放多邊貿易系統，奠定APEC建立加強開放多邊貿易系統的動力的基礎。我們同意開展烏拉圭回合承諾，充份且毫不拖延地呼籲所有參與者與烏拉圭回合同步。我們決定加快實施烏拉圭回合承諾，承接強化開放多邊貿易系統的工作，並且深化和擴大烏拉圭回合談判的結果。我們還承諾繼續單邊貿易和投資自由化的進展，而且同意盡力避免使用停滯的措施—例如經貿的保護，作為我們開放多邊貿易系統承諾的證據。我們呼籲所有APEC經濟體充分和積極的參與和支持世界貿易組織（WTO），是我們得以引領強化多邊貿易系統的關鍵。我們呼籲WTO的所有非APEC成員與APEC各經濟體共同努力，邁向多邊貿易自由化，落實世界貿易組織（WTO）的目標。
6.領袖們同意亞太的長期目標在採取自由和開放的貿易和投資，強化亞太地區的貿易和投資標的，追求此一目標將促成快速地減少貿易和投資壁壘，促進商品、勞務和資金自由流動於亞太經濟體。我們將與關貿總協定（GATT）同步的方式實現這一目標，並相信我們的行動會在於多邊層次上，繼續全力以赴促成進一步開放的強大動力。我們進一步同意宣布在2020年以前完成我們實現亞太自由和開放的貿易暨投資目標的承諾。實施的步伐會考慮到APEC經濟體之間經濟發展水平差異，工業化經濟體自由和開放貿易暨投資實現的目標不遲於2010年，新興經濟體的目標不遲於2020年。
領袖們強調：「我們強烈的反對從追求全球自由貿易，轉移至內向型貿易聯盟。」我們決定在亞太追求自由開放的貿易暨投資，以整體的方式，鼓勵和加強在世界的貿易暨投資自由化。因此，在亞太區域的貿易暨投資自由化的成果，將不只是實際減少障礙，而是APEC經濟體與非APEC經濟體皆然。在這方面，我們將給予特別重視與非APEC發展中國家的貿易以確保也能從貿易暨投資自由化中獲得利益，符合GATT/ WTO的規定。
7.貿易暨投資便捷化方案：為了配合和支持這項重大的自由化進程，我們決定擴大和加速APEC的貿易暨投資便捷化方案。經由排除貿易暨投資的行政和其他障礙，將進一步促進商品、服務和資本在APEC經濟體之間的流動。我們強調貿易便捷化的重要，因為單靠貿易自由化的努力是不足以產生貿易擴張。如果企業和消費者要真正享受貿易帶來的好處，在便利貿易的努力則是相當重要。貿易便捷化也有一個相關的作用（a pertinent role），即進而促成我們在全球範圍內實現充分自由化的目標。領袖們特別要求部長和官員向APEC呈報海關、標轉與投資原則的安排，以及對「進出市場」（Market Access）的行政障礙。強化APEC在經濟政策議題的對話，以便利區域投資流動，我們同意繼續在經濟成長策略、區域資金流和其他宏觀經濟議題（Macro-Economic Issues）進行寶貴的磋商。
8.加強合作：我們的目標是加強亞太經濟體的社群之間的發展合作，使我們能夠更有效地開發亞太地區的人力資源和自然資源，從而實現APEC經濟體的永續成長和公平發展，同時降低互相之間的經濟差距，改善國民的經濟和社會福祉（social well-being）。這樣的努力，也將促進亞太地區的貿易暨投資的成長。這地區的合作項目涵括擴大人力資源發展（例如教育訓練—尤其是改善管理和技能）、APEC研究中心的發展、科技方面的合作（包括技術移轉），這些措施旨在促進中小企業和促進改善與經濟相關的基礎建設，像能源、交通運輸、資訊、電信和旅行，達到永續發展的目的。亞太區域的經濟成長和發展主要以市場為導向，奠基於我們的企業部門（Business Sectors）之間的持續相互聯繫，以支持亞太區域經濟合作。體認工商界在經濟發展中的角色，領袖們同意在我們的程序中整合企業部門，創造一個持續的機制以達到目的。
9.建立解決糾紛的機制：為了促進和加快我們的合作，我們同意APEC經濟體準備可行的倡議和落實合作的架構設計（a Cooperative Arrangement），也提供給那些爾後會參與我們但目前尚未準備好的經濟體。在APEC經濟體之間的貿易及其他的經濟糾紛，會對已商定合作的架構設計以及合作的精神，產生負面影響。為了協助解決這類糾紛，避免其復發，我們同意研究建立自願調解糾紛服務機制的可能性，應該繼續成為解決糾紛的主要管道，以補充WTO的爭端解決機制。
10.我們的目標是宏偉的；不過，我們有決心展示APEC的領導，進一步促進全球貿易和投資自由化。我們的目標需要多年的努力，期望同心協力啟動自由化的進程，促使本聲明在特定的日期成型。我們指示部長和官員立即開始準備詳細建議，以落實我們今天的決策。這些建議很快被提交到APEC經濟體領袖們審議並作出後續的決定。這些建議還應該解決所有障礙，以實現我們的目標。我們要求部長和官員認真考量，在其審議知名人士小組（the Eminent Persons Group）及太平洋商業論壇（the Pacific Business Forum）的報告中所載的重要的建議。
11.我們對知名人士團體及太平洋商業論壇的報告，包含的重要和周到的建議，表示讚賞。該報告將在亞太經濟體的社群之合作架構（the Cooperative Framework）作為有價值的參考點，被用於制定政策。我們同意要求兩個小組繼續他們的活動，提供APEC領袖們進展評估及進一步建議，以加快合作的腳步。領袖們還要求知名人士小組和太平洋商業論壇，檢討APEC與現有的次區域架構安排（例如AFTA東協自由貿易協定、ANZERTA澳紐經濟區域貿易協定、NAFTA北美自由貿易協定），檢視可能的選項，以防止彼此的障礙，並促進各區域架構關係的一致性。
作者郭立昌是APEC領袖會議代表，早年創造台灣的精密工業。
